Peony or Paeonia

Paeonia is a genus of flowering plants, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, Southern Europe and Western North America

Peonies are hardy flowering plants that need little care and live through severe winters. After becoming established in a garden, Peonies bloom each spring for many years. Peonies are also extensively grown as ornamental plants for their very large, often scented cut flowers.

Two Types of Peonies are grown in home gardens:

 1. The garden or herbaceous type or Paeonia hybrids: these have full bushy stems that grow two to four feet tall. Garden peonies grow from tubers.

2. Tree peony or Paeonia suffruticosa: these types often grow to eye-level height on woody stems with few branches. Tree peonies are shrub like plants grown either from seed or from grafts.

Most are herbaceous perennial plants 0.5 to 1.5 metres (1.5 to 5 feet) tall, but some resemble trees 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) tall. They have compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant, flowers, ranging from red to white or yellow, in late spring and early summer.

Peonies can be classified by both plant growth habit and flower type. Plant growth types are Herbaceous (nonwoody), Tree (shrub), and Itoh (or “Intersectional”), which is intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. In winter herbaceous peonies die back to their underground parts, whereas tree peonies lose their leaves but retain viable woody stems above ground. The Itoh hybrids are intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. They are named after Toichi Itoh, who first produced a successful intersectional hybrid in 1948.
The following sequence of flower types becomes more complex in its arrangement of petals. The flower types include Single (e.g., Athena, Scarlet O’Hara), Japanese (Nippon Beauty, Madame Butterfly), Anemone, Semi-Double (Paula Fay, Buckeye Belle), Double (Gardenia, Paul M. Wild) and Bomb-Double (Raspberry Sundae, Mons Jules Elie)

Varieties of Peonies include:

• Chinese cut flower Peonies, with large double flowers in shades of red, pink, and white.
• Semi-double Peonies, characterized by several rows of petals and a centre of petals mixed with stamens.
• Anemone Peonies, similar to the double Chinese variety of peonies, but with a centre of narrow petals.
• Japanese Peonies, noted for the contrasting colour of the centre petals and their finely divided foliage.
• Fern leaf Peonies with delicate, fern-like foliage are dwarf in stature and bloom very early.
• Single Peonies with only a few rows of petals standing in their utter simplicity.

• Single Peonies with only a few rows of petals standing in their utter simplicity.

Rhododendron

Rhododendron is a genus of over 1000 species of woody plants in the heath family, either evergreen or deciduous. Most species have showy flowers. Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron.

Fire Orange Rhodendendron

 

Species of the genus Rhododendron are native to every continent of the world, except South America and Africa.^[9] The highest species diversity is found in the Himalayas from Uttarakhand, Nepal and Sikkim to Yunnan and Sichuan, with other significant areas of diversity in the mountains of Korea, Japan and Taiwan.

Tropical rhododendron species range from southeast Asia to northern Australia, with 55 known species in Borneo and 164 in New Guinea. Interestingly, the species in New Guinea are native to subalpine moist grasslands at around 3000 metres above sea level in the Central Highlands^{. ]} Relatively fewer species occur in North America and Europe.

Invasive species

Some species (e.g. Rhododendron ponticum in Ireland and the United Kingdom) are invasive as introduced plants, spreading in woodland areas replacing the natural understory. R. ponticum is difficult to eradicate, as its roots can make new shoots.

Insects

A number of insects either target rhododendrons or will opportunistically attack them. Rhododendron borers and various weevils are major pests of rhododendrons, and many caterpillars will preferentially devour them.

Rhododendron species are used as food plants by the larvae of some members of the order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) (See List of Lepidoptera that feed on rhododendrons).

Diseases

Main article: List of rhododendron diseases

Major diseases include Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback; Ohio State University Extension provides information on maintaining health of rhododendrons^. Rhododendrons can easily be suffocated by other plants.

Rhododendron is a genus characterized by shrubs and small to (rarely) large trees, the smallest species growing to 10–100 cm (3.9–39 in) tall, and the largest, R. giganteum, reported to over 30 m (98 ft) tall.^[4] The leaves are spirally arranged; leaf size can range from 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) to over 50 cm (20 in), exceptionally 100 cm (39 in) in R. sinogrande. They may be either evergreen or deciduous. In some species, the undersides of the leaves are covered with scales (lepidote) or hairs (indumentum). Some of the best known species are noted for their many clusters of large flowers. There are alpine species with small flowers and small leaves, and tropical species such as section Vireya that often grow as epiphytes. Species in this genus may be part of the heath complex in oak-heath forests in eastern North America.

Tulip

Tulips are very popular to an extent that during the 17th century, most of Europe particularly Holland, was gripped in a craze for Tulips that as a result, many had to even sell off their fortunes. It was popularly known as the Tulipomania.

The tulip is a perennial, bulbous plant with showy flowers in the genus Tulipa, of which up to 109 species have been described and which belongs to the family Liliaceae – lilies..

The genus’s native range extends from as far west as Southern Europe, Anatolia (Turkey), Israel, Palestine, North Africa, and Iran to the Northwest of China. The tulip’s centre of diversity is in the Pamir, Hindu Kush, and Tien Shan mountains. A number of species and many hybrid cultivars are grown in gardens, as potted plants, or to be displayed as fresh-cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana.

Tulips are some of the most popular spring flowers of all time, and the third most popular flowers world-wide next only to the Rose and Chrysanthemum. Tulips come in an incredible variety of colors, height, and flower shapes. Some Tulips are even fragrant.

Kingdom

Plantae

Division

Magnoliophyta

Class

Lilliopsida

Order

Liliales

Family

Liliaceae

Genus

Tulipa

 

The word Tulip is thought to be a corruption of the Turkish word ‘tulbend’ for turban. The Tulip was introduced by a famous Austrian biologist Carolus Clusius. Tulip plants belong to the genus Tulipa, in the lily family, Liliaceae. Tulips bloom on bulbous plants, with large, showy flowers with six petals. There are around 100 species of Tulips, which actually came from the Central Asia where they grew wild. Turkish growers first cultivated tulips as early as 1,000 AD.

Facts about Tulips

• There are now over 3,000 different registered varieties of cultivated Tulips.
• Every year billions of Tulips are cultivated, a majority of which are grown and exported from Holland.
• Historically, Europe considered Tulips as the symbol of the Ottoman Empire.
• Tulips grow wild over a great territory in Asia Minor through Siberia to China.
• Tulips were first cultivated and hybridized by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.
• Tulips symbolize imagination, dreaminess, perfect lover and a declaration of love.
• Fresh out of onions? Use your Tulip bulbs instead! Tulip bulbs are a good replacement for onions in cooking.

Classification of Tulips

The following classification of Tulips is based on the time of bloom. Tulips can be divided into early, mid, and late season flowering Tulips.

• Early Flowering Tulips: These Tulips bloom in March and early April. Early Flowering Tulips are Species Tulips, Kaufmanniana (e.g. Waterlily), Fosteriana (e.g. Red Emperor), Single Early(e.g. Apricot Beauty), Double Early, Greigii Tulips etc.
• Midseason Flowering Tulips: These bloom in April and early May. e.g. Triumph, Swan Wings Tulip, Darwin Hybrids, Parrot Tulips
• Late Flowering Tulips: These Tulips bloom in May. e.g. Single Late, Double Late, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-Flowered, Fringed Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips, Multi-Flowering Tulips.

Narcissus

 

Narcissus or Daffodil

The name “daffodil” is derived from an earlier “affodell”, a variant of Asphodel. The reason for the introduction of the initial “d” is not known, although a probable source is an etymological merging from the Dutch article “de”, as in “De affodil”. From at least the 16th century, “Daffadown Dilly”, “daffadown dilly”, and “daffydowndilly” have appeared as playful synonyms of the name.

In common parlance and in historical documents, the term “daffodil” may refer specifically to populations or specimens of the wild daffodil,

Narcissus grow from pale brown-skinned spherical bulbs with pronounced necks. The leafless stems, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bear from 1 to 20 blooms. Each flower has a central bell-, bowl-, or disc-shaped corona surrounded by a ring of six floral leaves called the perianth which is united into a tube at the forward edge of the 3-locular ovary. The three outer segments are sepals, and the three inner segments are petals.

Flower colour varies from white through yellow to deep orange. Breeders have developed some daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments, and several wild species also have known double variants.

The seeds are black, round and swollen with a hard coat.

Narcissus is a popular subject as an ornamental plant for gardens, parks and as cut flowers, providing colour from the end of winter to the beginning of summer in temperate regions. Thousands of varieties and cultivars are available from both general and specialist suppliers. They are normally sold as dry bulbs to be planted in late Summer and Autumn (Fall). Over 140 varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society‘s Award of Garden Merit.

Crocus

 

When it seems like winter will never lose its icy grip, the dainty goblet-shaped crocus pushes through the snow to put on a show of colorful revival. If you are not planting this perennial bulb, you are missing an early season of delight.

Crocus (English plural: crocuses or croci) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family comprising 90 species of perennials growing from corms. Many are cultivated for their flowers appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub, and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra in central and southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of the Aegean, and across Central Asia to western China.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Subfamily: Crocoideae
Genus: Crocus

Etymology

The name of the genus is derived from the Greek κρόκος (krokos). This, in turn, is probably a loan word from a Semitic language, related to Hebrew כרכום karkōm, Aramaic  kurkama, and Arabic كركم kurkum, which mean “saffron” ( Crocus sativus), “saffron yellow” or turmeric (see Curcuma). The English name is a learned 16th-century adoption from the Latin, but Old English already had croh “saffron”. The Classical Sanskrit कुङ्कुमं kunkumam “saffron” (Sushruta Samhita) is presumably also from the Semitic word.

History

Cultivation and harvesting of Crocus sativus for saffron was first documented in the Mediterranean, notably on the island of Crete. Frescos showing them are found at the Knossos site on Crete, as well as from the comparably aged Akrotiri site on Santorini.

The first crocus seen in the Netherlands, where crocus species are not native, were from corms brought back in the 1560s from Constantinople by the Holy Roman Emperor’s ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. A few corms were forwarded to Carolus Clusius at the botanical garden in Leiden. By 1620, the approximate date of Ambrosius Bosschaert‘s painting (illustration, below), new garden varieties had been developed, such as the cream-colored crocus feathered with bronze at the base of the bouquet, similar to varieties still on the market. Bosschaert, working from a preparatory drawing to paint his composed piece spanning the whole of spring, exaggerated the crocus so that it passes for a tulip, but its narrow, grass-like leaves give it away.

Description

The cup-shaped, solitary, salverform flower tapers off into a narrow tube. Their colors vary enormously, although lilac, mauve, yellow, and white are predominant. The grass-like, ensiform leaf shows generally a white central stripe along the leaf axis. The leaf margin is entire. Crocuses typically have three stamens. The spice saffron is obtained from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, an autumn-blooming species.

Autumn crocus

Some species, known as “autumn crocus”, flower in late summer and autumn, often before their leaves appear. They should not be confused with a different genus of autumn-flowering plants, Colchicum. Autumn-flowering species of crocus include:

C. banaticus (syn. C. iridiflorus) C. cancellatus C. goulimyi C. hadriaticus C. kotschyanus (syn. C. zonatus)

C. laevigatus C. ligusticus (syn. C. medius ) C. niveus C. nudiflorus C. ochroleucus

C. pulchellus C. sativus (saffron crocus) C. serotinus C. speciosus C. tournefortii

C. laevigatus has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February.

Species

The taxonomic classification proposed by Brian Mathew in 1982 was based mainly on three character states:

• the presence or absence of a prophyll (a basal spathe);
• the aspect of the style;
• the corm tunic.

The seven species discovered since then have been integrated into this classification.

Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests this classification should be reviewed. In particular, the DNA data suggest there are no grounds for isolating C. banaticus in its own subgenus Crociris, though it is a unique species in the genus. Because it has a prophyll at the base of the pedicel, it therefore would fall within section Crocus, although its exact relationship to the rest of the subgenus remains unclear.

Another anomalous species, C. baytopiorum, should now be placed in a series of its own, series Baytopi. C. gargaricus subsp. herbertii has been raised to species status, as C. herbertii. Perhaps most surprisingly, autumn-flowering C. longiflorus, the type species of series Longiflori (long regarded by Mathew as “a disparate assemblage”), now seems to lie within series Verni. In addition, the position of C. malyi is currently unclear.

DNA analysis and morphological studies suggest further that series Reticulati, Biflori and Speciosi are “probably inseparable”. C. adanensis and C. caspius should probably be removed from Biflori; C. adanensis falls in a clade with C. paschei as a sister group to the species of series Flavi; C. caspius appears to be sister to the species of series Orientales.

The study shows “no support for a system of sections as currently defined”, although, despite the many inconsistencies between Mathew’s 1982 classification and the current hypothesis, “the main assignment of species to the sections and series of that system is actually supported”. The authors state, “further studies are required before any firm decisions about a hierarchical system of classification can be considered” and conclude “future re-classification is likely to involve all infrageneric levels, subgenera, sections and series”.

Below is the classification proposed by Brian Mathew in 1982, adapted in accordance with the above findings:

A. Section Crocus : species with a basal prophyll

Series Verni: corms with reticulated fibers, spring-flowering (apart from Crocus longiflorus), flowers for the most part without conspicuous outer striping, bracts absent

• Crocus etruscus Parl.
• Crocus ilvensis Peruzzi & Carta
• Crocus kosaninii Pulevic
• Crocus longiflorus Raf. – Italian crocus (formerly in Series Longiflori)
• Crocus tommasinianus Herb. – Woodland crocus, Tommasini’s crocus
• Crocus vernus (L.) Hill – Spring crocus, Dutch crocus
  • Crocus vernus subsp. albiflorus (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.
  • Crocus vernus subsp. vernus

Series Baytopi (new Series): corms with strongly reticulated fibers; leaves numerous, narrowly linear; spring-flowering, bracts absent; anthers extrorsely dehiscent 

• Crocus baytopiorum Mathew (formerly in Series Verni)

Series Scardici: spring-flowering, leaves have no pale stripe on the upper surface

• Crocus pelistericus Pulevic
• Crocus scardicus Kos.

Series Versicolores: spring-flowering, corms with tunics, which for the most part have parallel fibers, flowers with conspicuous exterior striping

• Crocus cambessedesii J. Gay
• Crocus versicolor Ker Gawl. – cloth-of-silver crocus
• Crocus corsicus Vanucchi ex Maw
• Crocus imperati Ten.
  • Crocus imperati subsp. imperati
  • Crocus imperati subsp. suaveolens (Bertol.) B.Mathew
• Crocus minimus DC.

Series Longiflori: autumn-flowering, yellow anthers, styles much divided

• Crocus goulimyi Turrill (see also Constantine Goulimis)
• Crocus ligusticus M.G. Mariotti (Syn. Crocus medius Balb.)
• Crocus niveus Bowles
• Crocus nudiflorus Smith.
• Crocus serotinus Salisb. – late crocus
  • Crocus serotinus subsp. clusii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
  • Crocus serotinus subsp. salzmannii (J.Gay) B.Mathew
  • Crocus serotinus subsp. serotinus

Series Kotschyani: autumn-flowering, anthers white, styles for the most part three-forked

• Crocus autranii Albov.
• Crocus gilanicus B. Matthew (discovered in 1973 and named after Gilan province in Iran where it was first found)
• Crocus karduchorum Kotschy ex Maw
• Crocus kotschyanus K. Koch – Kotschy’s crocus (syn. C. zonatus)
  • Crocus kotschyanus subsp. cappadocicus B.Mathew
  • Crocus kotschyanus subsp. hakkariensis B.Mathew
  • Crocus kotschyanus subsp. kotschyanus
  • Crocus kotschyanus subsp. suworowianus (K.Koch) B.Mathew
• Crocus ochroleucus Boiss. & Gaill.
• Crocus scharojanii Ruprecht
  • Crocus scharojanii subsp. scharojanii
  • Crocus scharojanii subsp. lazicus (Boiss.) B.Mathew
• Crocus vallicola Herb.

Series Crocus: autumn-flowering, anthers yellow, style distinctly three-branched

• Crocus asumaniae B. Mathew & T. Baytop
• Crocus cartwrightianus Herb.
  • Crocus sativus L. – saffron crocus (a sterile triploid mutant or hybrid), presumably derived from Crocus cartwrightianus
• Crocus hadriaticus Herb.
  • Crocus hadriaticus subsp. hadriaticus
  • Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnassicus (B.Mathew) B.Mathew
  • Crocus hadriaticus subsp. parnonicus B.Mathew
• Crocus moabiticus Bornm. & Dinsmore ex Bornm.
• Crocus mathewii H. Kemdorff & E. Pasche (1994)
• Crocus naqabensis Al-Eisawi (2001)
• Crocus oreocreticus B.L. Burtt
• Crocus pallasii Goldb.
  • Crocus pallasii subsp. dispathaceus (Bowles) B.Mathew
  • Crocus pallasii subsp. haussknechtii (Boiss. & Reut. ex Maw) B.Mathew
  • Crocus pallasii subsp. pallasii
  • Crocus pallasii subsp. turcicus B.Mathew
• Crocus thomasii Ten.

Position unclear ^[7]

• Crocus malyi Vis. (formerly in Series Versicolores)
• Crocus banaticus Heuff. (formerly in obsolete Subgenus Crociris)

B. Section Nudiscapus: species without a basal prophyll

Series Reticulati: corm tunic for the most part decidedly covered with reticulated fibers, flower produced in winter or spring, style three-forked or much divided

• Crocus abantensis T.Baytop & B.Mathew
• Crocus ancyrensis (Herb.) Maw – Ankara crocus
• Crocus angustifolius Weston – cloth-of-gold crocus
• Crocus cancellatus Herb.
  • Crocus cancellatus subsp. cancellatus
  • Crocus cancellatus subsp. damascenus (Herb.) B.Mathew
  • Crocus cancellatus subsp. lycius B.Mathew
  • Crocus cancellatus subsp. mazziaricus (Herb.) B.Mathew
  • Crocus cancellatus subsp. pamphylicus B.Mathew
• Crocus cvijicii Kos.
• Crocus dalmaticus Vis.
• Crocus gargaricus Herb.
• Crocus herbertii B. Mathew (became a “true” species)
• Crocus hermoneus Kotschy ex Maw
• Crocus jablanicensis N. Randj. & V. Randj.
• Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adams
  • Crocus reticulatus subsp. hittiticus (T.Baytop & B.Mathew) B.Mathew
  • Crocus reticulatus subsp. reticulatus
• Crocus robertianus C.D. Brickell
• Crocus rujanensis Randjel. & D.A. Hill (1990)
• Crocus sieberi J. Gay – Sieber’s crocus, Cretan crocus
  • Crocus sieberi subsp. atticus (Boiss. & Orph.) B.Mathew
  • Crocus sieberi subsp. nivalis (Bory & Chaub.) B.Mathew
  • Crocus sieberi subsp. sieberi
  • Crocus sieberi subsp. sublimis (Herb.) B.Mathew
• Crocus sieheanus Barr ex B.L. Burtt
• Crocus veluchensis Herb.

Series Biflori: tunics of corms split into rings at the base, either entire or with toothlike projections, leathery in texture, spring- or late-winter flowering, style three-forked

• Crocus aerius Herb.
• Crocus almehensis C.D. Brickell & B. Mathew
• Crocus biflorus Mill. – silvery crocus, Scotch crocus
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. biflorus
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. adamii (J.Gay) K.Richt.
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. alexandri (Nicic ex Velen.) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. artvinensis (J.Philippow) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. atrospermus Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. caelestis Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. caricus Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. crewei (Hook.f.) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. fibroannulatus Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. ionopharynx Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. isauricus (Siehe ex Bowles) B.Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. leucostylosus Kernd. & Pasche
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. melantherus B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. nubigena (Herb.) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. pseudonubigena B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. pulchricolor (Herb.) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. punctatus B.Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. stridii (Papan. & Zacharof) B.Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. tauri (Maw) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. weldenii (Hoppe & Fuernr.) B. Mathew
  • Crocus biflorus subsp. yataganensis Kernd. & Pasche
• Crocus chrysanthus Herb. – Golden crocus, Snow crocus
  • Crocus chrysanthus subsp. chrysanthus
  • Crocus chrysanthus subsp. multifolius Papan. & Zacharof
• Crocus cyprius Boiss. & Kotschy
• Crocus danfordiae Maw
  • Crocus danfordiae subsp. danfordiae
  • Crocus danfordiae subsp. kurdistanicus Maroofi & Assadi
• Crocus hartmannianus Holmboe
• Crocus kerndorffiorum Pasche (1993)
• Crocus leichtlinii (Dewar) Bowles
• Crocus nerimaniae Yüzbasioglu & Varol (2004)
• Crocus pestalozzae Boiss.
• Crocus wattiorum (B. Mathew, 1995) B. Mathew (2000)

Series Speciosi: corm tunic splits into rings at the base, leathery or membranous, foliage after the flowers, autumn-flowering, style much divided

• Crocus pulchellus Herb. – hairy crocus
• Crocus speciosus M. Bieb. – Bieberstein’s crocus, large purple crocus
  • Crocus speciosus subsp. ilgazensis B.Mathew
  • Crocus speciosus subsp. speciosus
  • Crocus speciosus subsp. xantholaimos B.Mathew

Series Orientales: corm with parallel fibers or lightly reticulated, numerous leaves, spring-flowering, style three-forked

• Crocus alatavicus Semenova & Reg.
• Crocus caspius Fischer & Meyer (formerly in Series Biflori)
• Crocus korolkowii Regel ex Maw – celandine crocus
• Crocus michelsonii B. Fedtsch.

Series Flavi: tunics of the corms membranous, split into parallel fibers, spring-flowering, styles much divided

• Crocus adanensis T. Baytop & B. Mathew (formerly in Series Biflori)
• Crocus antalayensis Mathew
• Crocus candidus E.D. Clarke
• Crocus flavus Weston – Yellow crocus
  • Crocus flavus subsp. flavus
  • Crocus flavus subsp. dissectus T.Baytop & B.Mathew
  • Crocus flavus subsp. sarichinarensis Rukšans
• Crocus graveolens Boiss. &Reut.
• Crocus hyemalis Boiss.
• Crocus olivieri Gray
  • Crocus olivieri subsp. olivieri – Balkan and Turkey
  • Crocus olivieri subsp. balansae (J.Gay ex Baker) B. Mathew – endemic round İzmir, West-Turkey
  • Crocus olivieri subsp. istanbulensis B. Mathew, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Crocus paschei H. Kerndorff
• Crocus vitellinus Wahl.

Series Aleppici: tunics of the corms membranous, with split, parallel fibers, foliage produced at the same time as the flowers, fall- or winter-flowering

• Crocus aleppicus Baker
• Crocus boulosii Greuter
• Crocus veneris Tappein ex Poech

Series Carpetani: undersurface of the leaves rounded with grooves, upper surface channeled, spring-flowering, style whitish, obscurely divided

• Crocus carpetanus Boiss. & Reut.
• Crocus nevadensis Amo & Campo

Series Intertexti: corm tunic fibrous with fibers interwoven, spring-flowering

• Crocus fleischeri J.Gay.

Series Laevigatae: corm tunic membranous or splitting into parallel fibers, sometimes leathery, foliage produced at the same time as flowers, autumn-flowering, anthers white, style much divided

• Crocus boryi J.Gay
• Crocus laevigatus Bory & Chaub.
• Crocus tournefortii J.Gay.